Research Journal of Science and Technology

Bhumika K. Prajapati ¹, Viraj P. Jatakiya ¹, Dhrubo Jyoti Sen ¹, Nadim M. R. Chhipa ¹, Piyush A. Gediya ¹, Sachin M. Patel ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Gujarat Technological University, Arvind Baug, Mehsana-384001, Gujarat, IN

Abstract

Facebook is a social networking website launched in February 2004 that is operated and privately owned by Facebook, Inc. and it is only available for users age 13 and over. It is a popular free social networking website that allows registered users to create profiles, upload photos and video, send messages and keep in touch. Facebook appeared as the fourth-biggest name in our Tracking the Trackers data. Here we find out as much as we can about what it does.

Keywords

Facebook, Timeline, Comments, Tag, User Profile, Privacy Settings, Unfollow Post, Comparison With Myspace, News Feed, Twitter, Photobucket, Flickr, App Center, Facebook Notes, Chat, Usernames, Messaging, Voice Calls, Video Calling, Skype Rest API, Following, Privacy, FTC Settlement, Like Button, Reception, Myspace, Twitter, Linkedin, Openbook, Poke.

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Khushbu S. Patel ¹, Amee K. Patel ¹, Hardik H. Chaudhary ¹, Dhrubo Jyoti Sen ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Quality Assurance and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Gujarat Technological University, Arvind Baug, Mehsana-384001, Gujarat, IN

Abstract

Fire safety refers to precautions that are taken to prevent or reduce the likelihood of a fire that may result in death, injury, or property damage, alert those in a structure to the presence of an uncontrolled fire in the event one occurs, better enable those threatened by fire to survive in and evacuate from affected areas, or to reduce the damage caused by a fire. Fire safety measures include those that are planned during the construction of a building or implemented in structures that are already standing, and those that are taught to occupants of the building. Threats to fire safety are referred to as fire hazards. A fire hazard may include a situation that increases the likelihood a fire may start or may impede escape in the event a fire occurs. Fire safety is often a component of building safety. Those who inspect buildings for violations of the Fire Code and go into schools to educate children on Fire Safety topics are fire department members known as fire prevention officers. The Chief Fire Prevention Officer or Chief of Fire Prevention will normally train newcomers to the Fire Prevention Division and may also conduct inspections or make presentations. Building a facility in accordance with the version of the local building code. Maintaining a facility and conducting yourself in accordance with the provisions of the fire code. This is based on the occupants and operators of the building being aware of the applicable regulations and advice. Not exceeding the maximum occupancy within any part of the building. Maintaining proper fire exits and proper exit signage (e.g., exit signs pointing to them that can function in a power failure). Compliance with electrical codes to prevent overheating and ignition from electrical faults or problems such as poor wire insulation or overloading wiring, conductors, or other fixtures with more electric current than they are rated for. Placing and maintaining the correct type of fire extinguishers in easily accessible places. Properly storing and using, hazardous materials that may be needed inside the building for storage or operational requirements (such as solvents in spray booths). Prohibiting flammable materials in certain areas of the facility. Periodically inspecting buildings for violations, issuing Orders to Comply and, potentially, prosecuting or closing buildings that are not in compliance, until the deficiencies are corrected or condemning it in extreme cases. Maintaining fire alarm systems for detection and warning of fire. Obtaining and maintaining a complete inventory of fire stops. Ensuring that spray fireproofing remains undamaged. Maintaining a high level of training and awareness of occupants and users of the building to avoid obvious mistakes, such as the propping open of fire doors. Conduct fire drills at regular intervals throughout the year. Common fire hazards: Improper use and maintenance of gas stoves often create fire hazards. Some common fire hazards are: Kitchen fires from unattended cooking, such as frying, broiling and simmering. Electrical systems those are overloaded, resulting in hot wiring or connections, or failed components. Combustible storage areas with insufficient protection. Combustibles near equipment that generates heat, flame, or sparks. Candles and other open flames. Smoking (Cigarettes, cigars, pipes, lighters, etc.). Equipment that generates heat and utilizes combustible materials. Flammable liquids and aerosols. Flammable solvents (and rags soaked with solvent) placed in enclosed trash cans. Fireplace chimneys not properly or regularly cleaned. Cooking appliances - stoves, ovens. Heating appliances - fireplaces, wood burning stoves, furnaces, boilers, portable heaters. Household appliances-clothes dryers, curling irons, hair dryers, refrigerators, freezers. Chimneys that concentrate creosote. Electrical wiring in poor condition. Leaking Batteries. Personal ignition sources-matches, lighters. Electronic and electrical equipment. Exterior cooking equipment-barbecue.

Keywords

Fire, Smoke, Carbon Dioxide Gas, Carbon Tetrachloride, Fire Grenade, Foam, Halon, Fire Pictogram, Alcoholresistant Aqueous Film Forming Foams, Fire Brigade, Condensed Aerosol Fire Extinguishers.

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Limbesh B. Aal ¹, Jignesh N. Parmar ¹, Vishvesh R. Patel ¹, Dhrubo Jyoti Sen ¹

Affiliations
1 Postgraduate Research Laboratory, Department of Quality Assurance and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Gujarat Technological University, Arvind Baug, Mehsana-384001, Gujarat, IN

Abstract

Smart Communications is a wholly owned mobile phone and Internet service subsidiary of the Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company (PLDT). On September 2013 the company reported that it has over 72.5 million cellular subscribers. Smart introduced the first wireless offerings and also offers 3G, HSPA+, LTE services, wireless broadband services and an SMS-based money remittance system. WhatsApp Messenger is a cross-platform mobile messaging app which allows you to exchange messages without having to pay for SMS. WhatsApp Messenger is available for iPhone, BlackBerry, Android, Windows Phone and Nokia and yes, those phones can all message each other! Because WhatsApp Messenger uses the same internet data plan that you use for email and web browsing, there is no cost to message and stay in touch with your friends. In addition to basic messaging WhatsApp users can create groups, send each other unlimited images, video and audio media messages.

Keywords

Smart Phones, Android, iPhone, Whatsapp, Skype, Wickr, Viber, Twitter, Blog.

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Dron P. Modi ¹, Dhrubo Jyoti Sen ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmaceutics, Arihant School of Pharmacy and Bio-Research Institute, Gandhinagar-382421, Gujarat, IN
2 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Gujarat Technological University, Arvind Baug, Mehsana-384001, Gujarat, IN

Abstract

Taste refers to a perception arising from the stimulation of taste buds present on the surface of the tongue. Humans can distinguish among five components of taste: sourness, saltiness, sweetness, bitterness, and umami (savory). Taste is an important parameter in case of drugs administering orally and is a critical factor to be considered while formulating orodispersible, melt in mouth, buccal tablet and other formulations which comes in contact with taste buds. Bitter and unpalatable taste is a major problem of certain drugs in formulations. Masking the bitter taste of drugs is a potential tool for the improvement of patient compliance which in turn decides the commercial success of the product. According to the year 2003 survey of pediatricians by the American Association of Pediatrics, unpleasant taste was the biggest barrier for completing treatment in pediatrics. The field of taste masking of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) has been continuously evolving with varied technologies and new excipients. Two approaches are commonly utilized to overcome the bad taste of the drug. The first includes reduction of drug solubility in the saliva and second approach is to alter the ability of the drug to interact with taste receptor. Various methods are available to mask the undesirable taste of the drugs. Some of them are coating of drug particles, by formation of inclusion complexes, molecular complexes of drugs with other chemicals, solid dispersions, melting method, micro encapsulation, prodrugs, mass extrusion methods and ion exchange resins.

Keywords

Taste, Orally, Bitter, Masking.

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Dhrubo Jyoti Sen ¹, Jimit S. Patel ¹, Charoo S. Garg ¹, Divyang H. Shah ¹, Kiran M. Patel ¹, Dhara S. Bhavsar ¹, Tirtha V. Patel ¹, Dhara M. Limbachia ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Gujarat Technological University, Arvind Baug, Mehsana-384001, Gujarat, IN

Abstract

Mosquitoes are a vector agent that carries mosquito-borne disease, transmitting viruses and parasites from person to person without catching the disease themselves. Mosquitoes carrying these viruses stay healthy while carrying them because their immune system recognizes them as bad and "chops off" the virus's genetic coding, rendering it harmless. It is currently unknown how they handle parasites so they can safely carry them. Infection of humans occurs when a mosquito bites someone while its immune system is still in the process of destroying the virus's harmful coding. Female mosquitoes suck blood from people and other animals as part of their eating and breeding habits. Mosquito borne diseases are prevalent in more than 100 countries, infecting 300-500 million people and causing about 1 million deaths every year. In India, more than 40 million people suffer from mosquito diseases annually. There are a number of diseases borne by mosquitoes. They are malaria, filaria, dengue, brain fever and yellow fever. Yellow fever is caused by mosquitoes in jungle areas in parts of Africa and South America. In India, malaria, filaria and dengue are the most prevalent diseases spread by mosquitoes. The diseases continue to explode from time to time. The reason is that these mosquitoes develop resistance to medicines and chemicals. Hence fighting mosquitoes and the diseases spread by them is a continuous process.

Keywords

Virus Genetic Code, Malaria, Encephalitis, Filarial, Dengue, Brain Fever, Yellow Fever, Drug Resistance.

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Vidhi R. Patel ¹, Dhrubo Jyoti Sen ², C. N. Patel ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Gujarat Technological University, Arvind Baug, Mehsana-384001, Gujarat, IN
2 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Gujarat Technological University, Arvind Baug, Mehsana- 384001, Gujarat, IN

Abstract

Carbon nanotubes a nano device based on their electrical, mechanical, optical and chemical properties categorized as single walled nanotubes (SWNTS), multi walled nanotubes (MWNTS), torus and nanobuds. Cup stacked carbon nanotubes, extreme carbon nano tubes etc. The nano tubes are composed entirely of sp² bonds which are stronger than sp³ bonds of alkanes provides them unique strength. Different nanotubes structures are different in chemical reactivity, electrical conductivity, optical activity, mechanical strength, one dimensional support, hardness, kinetic etc. Because of the inflammation, epithelioid granuloma, fibrosis and biochemical and toxicological changes in lungs likes toxicities, we are more focus on specific synthesis methods and purification techniques of carbon nanotubes. An identification technique of nano tubes gives new era to the applications of carbon nanotubes in biomedical and pharmaceuticals.

Keywords

Carbon Nanotubes, Torus, Nanobuds, Synthesis, Purification, Identification Techniques.

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Yatri R. Shah ¹, Parimal M. Prajapati ², Ravi N. Patel ³, Urvi Y. Patel ³, Dhrubo Jyoti Sen ³

Affiliations
1 Shukla Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Gujarat Technological University, Behind Marketing Yard, Nr. Lalpari Lake, Amargadh (Bhichari), Rajkot, Gujarat, IN
2 I. K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Samarth Campus, Opp. Sabar Dairy, Himmatnagar-383001, Sabarkantha, Gujarat, IN
3 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Arvind Baug, Mehsana-384001, Gujarat, IN

Abstract

Caco-2 cells are most commonly used not as individual cells, but as a confluent monolayer on a cell culture insert filter (e.g., Transwell). When cultured in this format, the cells differentiate to form a polarized epithelial cell monolayer that provides a physical and biochemical barrier to the passage of ions and small molecules. The Caco-2 monolayer is widely used across the pharmaceutical industry as an in-vitro model of the human small intestinal mucosa to predict the absorption of orally administered drugs. The correlation between the in vitro apparent permeability (P¬app) across Caco-2 monolayers and the in-vivo fraction absorbed (fa) is well established.

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Urviben Yashodharbhai Patel ¹, Ravi Natvarlal Patel ¹, Dhrubo Jyoti Sen ¹, R. Badmanaban ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Arvind Baug, Mehsana-384001, Gujarat, IN

Abstract

The production of ethanol from bread wastes, brewer's spent grain (BSG) and corn fibre using dried active baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) was investigated. These items were considered industrial wastes and are readily dispose off as by-products thereby constituting environmental hazards and an economic waste. The milled brewer's waste and corn fibre were pre-treated with dilute acid prehydrolysis followed by delignification using NaOH. The pre-treated BSG was further fermented using the bakers' yeast. For the bread waste, it was fermented without pretreatment because it contains less lignocellulose. The reducing sugar concentration of the pretreated BSG was determined to access the extent of the pretreatment process. The result showed that the ethanol content of the acid- treated BSG and bread wastes were 1.90% and 0.5% respectively while the proof spirit were 4.3% and 1-5% respectively. Bioethanol yield of corn fibre and basetreated BSG were negligible.

Keywords

Delignification, Bioethanol, Wastes, Lignocellolosics, Biofuel.

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Urviben Yashodharbhai Patel ¹, Ravi Natvarlal Patel ¹, Dhrubo Jyoti Sen ¹, R. Badmanaban ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Arvind Baug, Mehsana-384001, Gujarat, IN

Abstract

The proposed project has been designed for structure activity relationship by the Schiff base and Mannich base of substituted 5-methyl-1,2-dihydro-3Hpyrazol- 3-one derivatives for antioxidant screening.

The scheme for synthesis has been designed to synthesise 5-methyl-1,2- dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one molecule is done by reacting ethyl acetoacetate with hydrazine and then by benzoylation in basic medium produced 1,2- dibenzoyl derivative of the heterocyclic ring. Further condensation with hydrazine with this heterocyclic ring produced Schiff base at three positions where free ketone group is present. This tri-Schiff base has been condensed with various ketone compounds to produce Schiff base of R1/R2 at three positions as well as the same tri-Schiff bas on condensation with benzaldehyde with urea/thiourea/guanidine produced Mannich bases ath three positions for X=O/S/NH. The synthesised compounds have been characterized by N% and UV, IR, NMR and Mass Spectra. The antioxidant screening is based on the iodine spot activity of synthesised compounds by zone diameter calculation. It has been observed that in Mannich bases derivatives guanidine derivative (Compound-7) showed maximum antioxidant activity. The profile for the antioxidant activity is: Compound- 7(X=NH)>Compound-6(X=S)>Compound-5(X=O). It happens due to the electronegativity: NH=3.1+2.2=5.3; S=2.4; O=3.5. Here "N" has one lone pair of electrons whereas "O" and "S" has two lone pair of electrons but the electronegativity of "NH" is maximum in comparison to "S" and "O" which both have two lone pair of electrons but the electronegativity of "S" is lower that "O" so the antioxidant profile showed a very good satisfactory result. In case of Schiff bases the butanone derivative (Compound-4) showed maximum antioxidant activity. The profile for the antioxidant activity is: Compound-4(R₁=CH₃,R₂=C₂H₅)>Compound-1(R₁=R₂=CH₃)>Compound- 3(R₁=R₂=C₆H₅)>Compound-2(R₁=CH₃,R₂=C₆H₅). It happens due to the presence of CH₃+C₂H₅=3 carbons in alipahtic chain in case of Compound- 4(R₁=CH₃,R₂=C₂H₅) but in case of Compound-1(R₁=R₂=CH₃), here CH₃+CH₃=2 carbons in aliphatic chain, in Compound-3(R₁=R₂=C₆H₅), here C₆H₅+C₆H₅=12 carbons in aromatic ring and in Compound- 2(R₁=CH₃,R₂=C₆H₅), here CH₃+C₆H₅=7 carbons in alipahtic and aromatic ring. Compound-4(R₁=CH₃,R₂=C₂H₅) of Schiff base is more active than Mannich base of Compound-7(X=NH) in antioxidant activity.

Keywords

Schiff Base, Mannich Base, Pyrazol-3-One, Antioxidant Study.

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Avani H. Sheth ¹, Dhrubo Jyoti Sen ², Naman B. Doshi ²

Affiliations
1 SAL Institute of Pharmacy, Opp. Science City, Sola Kalol Highway, Bhadaj, Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, IN
2 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Arvind Baug, Mehsana-384001, Gujarat, IN

Abstract

All of us wish to postpone our grey days. But one day we will reach old age whether we like it or not. But even in our old age also we can flaunt young look. This possible by following certain important steps regularly. Anti Aging tips helps us to know what the effective ways to slow down aging process. Who likes graying and reducing hairline, wrinkled face, protruded belly and above all flawed memory? We all want to look young and feel energetic all the time. Aging cannot be stopped but it can be delayed by following healthy lifestyle. Elliptical trainers are a great way to keep your healthy lifestyle in order by staying physically fit. There are ancient therapies and modern treatments that effectively reduce the effects of aging. Before knowing anti aging tips for healthy skin care, we need to understand and accept the facts. We try to slow down aging by following certain lifestyle, behavior, treatment, medicine, surgery and therapy. The topical wrinkle reducing product market is exploding. It generated over $1.5 Billion in sales in 2007, with that number expected to double by 2010. You do not have to look far to hear about these types of products. There is huge interest in this market and advertisements can be found everywhere, from TV, to radio, newspapers and magazines. While the majority of these products are marketed to female consumers, surprisingly, our research indicates that men account for approximately 25% of this market. It seems that women are no longer the only gender searching for the fountain of youth. In this article we offer our readers a comprehensive list of anti-wrinkle products based on our evaluations. Assessment included review of the following product attributes: long term effectiveness for wrinkle reduction; instant reduction of fine lines and wrinkles; antioxidant protective properties delaying skin cell aging; skin renewal and collagen stimulating properties; and skin smoothing and firming properties. Based on the outcome of our evaluation of these product attributes we ranked each product accordingly.

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Parimal M. Prajapati ¹, Yatri R. Shah ², Dhrubo Jyoti Sen ³

Affiliations
1 I. K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Samarth Campus, Opp. Sabar Dairy, Himmatnagar-383001, Sabarkantha, Gujarat, IN
2 Shree H. N. Shukla Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Behind Marketing Yard, Nr. Lalpari Lake, Amargadh (Bhichari), Rajkot, Gujarat, IN
3 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Arvind Baug, Mehsana-384001, Gujarat, IN

Abstract

Autonet, that represents a self training neural network. Results from the neural network are presented visually in order to rapid and easy convey to the medicinal chemist the important features derived by the neural network. The Autonet approach addresses this through the visual display of the hidden unit weights and thus rapidly conveys useful and informative results to the user. QSAR (Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships) studies rely heavily upon statistics to derive mathematical models which relate the biological activity of a series of compounds to one or more properties of the molecules. The application of neural networks as a substitute for discriminant analysis. Neural networks in QSAR in a manner similar to multiple regression analysis. Comparative study of neural networks and regression analysis using a set of dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors. Their results indicated neural networks were superior to regression analysis in providing accurate predictions.

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Hiren M. Marvaniya ¹, Divyesh J. Vanparia ², Renu Chauhan ², Dhrubo Jyoti Sen ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Gujarat Technological University, Arvind Baug, Mehsana-384001, Gujarat, IN
2 Maliba Pharmacy College, Bardoli-Mahuva Road, Gopal Vidyanagar, Ta. Mahuva, Dist.-Surat, Pin-394 350, IN

Abstract

Process analytical technology is one of the objectives contained in the Initiative for Pharmaceutical cGMPs for the 21st Century published by the Food and Drug Administration as a mechanism to design, analyze, and control pharmaceutical manufacturing processes through the measurement of Critical Process Parameters which affect Critical Quality Attributes. As a direct consequence of the "cGMPs for the 21st Century" initiative, FDA released its PAT initiative; few pharmaceutical companies are willing to talk about their efforts to implement PAT. To encourage industry for PAT implementation FDA introduced the "safe harbor" or "research exemption" concept which is designed to encourage the industry to investigate tools that will provide increased process information without the fear of having a negative impact on the ability to release products that meet all aspects of the company's current quality control strategy. PAT focuses on the use of in-line testing using various tools like near infrared, Raman, or other physiochemical techniques as a primary means of process monitoring. PAT tools and its applications like Near Infrared Spectroscopy and Raman Spectroscopy in powder blending. Use of PAT in process development by implementation of NIR, Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR), Raman and Focused Beam Reflectance (FBRM).

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Palakben K. Parikh ¹, Julee P. Soni ², Ravi N. Patel ², Urviben Y. Patel ², Kaumil N. Modi ², Hiren M. Marvaniya ², Dhrubo Jyoti Sen ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharma Chemistry, Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Gujarat Technological University, Arvind Baug, Mehsana-384001, Gujarat,, IN
2 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Gujarat Technological University, Arvind Baug, Mehsana-384001, Gujarat, IN

Abstract

Modern wired generation has a serious hobby in webhunting through netsurfing cum browsing. Huge data collection on various topics and further reformatting to present in desired platform is a new style between new generations to old generation generates the coinage malpractice of plagiarism. Strategies of Select-Copy-Paste are the three muskatieers to build a new entity which is an assembled chapter on new pages of presentable format of new article engineered by manipulated fabrication under the umbrella of malpractice. Some detectors have been launched to control over this malpractice by latest software.

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Ravi Natvarlal Patel ¹, Urviben Yashodharbhai Patel ¹, Dhrubo Jyoti Sen ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Arvind Baug, Mehsana-384001, Gujarat, IN

Abstract

Green tea is tea made solely with the leaves of Camellia sinensis that have undergone minimal oxidation during processing. Green tea originates from China and has become associated with many cultures in Asia from Japan and South Korea to the Middle East. Recently, it has become more widespread in the West, where black tea is traditionally consumed. Many varieties of green tea have been created in countries where it is grown. These varieties can differ substantially due to variable growing conditions, processing, and harvesting time. Over the last few decades green tea has been subjected to many scientific and medical studies to determine the extent of its long-purported health benefits, with some evidence suggesting that regular green tea drinkers have lower chances of heart disease and developing certain types of cancer. Although there is no scientific evidence that plain green tea can produce weight loss, a green tea extract rich in polyphenols and caffeine has been shown to be useful for "obesity management", since it induces thermogenesis and stimulates fat oxidation. After water, tea from Camellia sinensis is the most consumed beverage worldwide. Tea is rich in catechin flavonoids that possess an array of bioactivity including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, apoptotic, and probiotic mechanisms of action that may contribute to some of the putative health benefits associated with tea intake. A substantial body of evidence indicates that tea and its principal catechin, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) may contribute to a reduction in the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Keywords

Antioxidant, Epigallocatechin Gallate, Polyphenols, Tannin, Flavonoid.

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Chirag A. Patel ¹, Dhrubo Jyoti Sen ², Aniket R. Patel ³

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmaceutics, S.K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ganpat University, Mehsana-Gozaria Highway, Kherva-382711, Ta. & Dist: Mehsana (N.G.), IN
2 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Mehsana-384001, Gujarat, IN
3 Sarswati School of Pharmacy Ranela, At-Ranela, Dist.-Becharaji, IN

Abstract

Nanomedicine is beginning to emerge from research in nanotechnology. Nanotechnologies have features on the scale of nanometers or billionths of a meter. In biology the scale of a single human hair is about 80,000 nanometers wide and a red blood cell is about 7,000 nanometers wide. Materials can be produced that are Nanoscale in one dimension (such as ultra-thin surface coatings), in two dimensions (for example, nanotubes and nanowires), or in all three dimensions (nanoparticles and Buckyballs). Nanoscale materials often have novel properties related to their high ratio of surface area and quantum effects.

Keywords

Nanomedicene.

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